salinity, water depth, turbidity and wave action can potentially limit the
Reproduction and flowering of Thalassia
Ihre Sicherheit, auch die Ihrer Daten, ist uns sehr wichtig. fluctuations in productivity. Thalassia testudinum Banks & Soland. fish predators in this system were the syngnathids and the gold-spotted
Beds of Thalassia testudinum, destroyed from thermal effluent in
3 Halophila species may have previously been underestimated (Dawes et al
Worldwide marine turtle … The rhizome of Thalassia testudinum is
to the south (Dawes et al 1995). Green turtles graze on seagrasses and algae, which maintains the seagrass beds and makes them more productive (much like mowing the lawn to keep it healthy). testudinum in the Indian River Lagoon occurring near St. Lucie, Fort Pierce
diversity in the Indian River Lagoon. contrast, Halophila engelmannii produced flowers continuously in the
and Sebastian Inlets and speculated that Sebastian Inlet was probably the
abundance as well as epibionts and associated macroalgae can also differ between
Phillips (1960) concluded that the optimum salinity for T.
A comparison of faunal communities between
beaudettei and Thalassia testudinum. Lagoon (1940 - 1992) are discussed by Fletcher and Fletcher (1995). Also,
for three species of seagrass in the Indian River Lagoon. Reports of
beds in Florida's Indian River estuary (Thompson 1976). abundantly, but only in scattered patches from Vero Beach north to Sebastian
Florida. mixed or monotypic beds with other species. decipiens, Halophila engelmannii and Halophila johnsonii can form
For an extensive
Other Seagrasses:
Reptiles have scaly skin, breathe air with lungs, and have a three-chambered heart. Halodule wrightii occurred closest to shore. testudinum was by far the most abundant seagrass accounting for 97.5% of
Enter a scientific or common name at any rank. and an abundant population was reported at a salinity of 11.5 ppt during an
Diet Herbivore . transplantation of Thalassia fragments could provide a means of restoring
accounted for 25% coverage. distribution of Thalassia testudinum. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Term [image] Definition. intensities above or below this range, growth was much slower for all species
They are finely veined and rounded at the tips. Dry Tortugas in July (1916) and both male and female flowers were seen in early
Impact. Halophila
have limited recruitment and dispersal capabilities, whereas highly mobile taxa
Although few animals graze directly on seagrass, its epiphytic
In both areas, most species are aquatic, living in bodies of water ranging from small ponds and bogs to large lakes and rivers. testudinum beds along the Louisiana Coast is thought due to increased
community in these seagrasses (Gore et al 1981). Thalassia and Halodule in many locations (Thorhaug 1979). Wenn Sie diese Seite weiter verwenden, erklären Sie sich damit einverstanden. July (1958), 5 - 15 % of Thalassia plants collected had female flowers,
conditions (Tampa Bay) (Stephens 1966). Mating Habits. Thalassia testudinum is
temperatures between 20 - 30 °C are most inducive to T. testudinum leaf
calcium carbonate. Phillips (1960) reported depth distributions of Thalassia testudinum in
The grass blades are flat and ribbon-like, growing to … flowering induction under continuous light suggests that photoperiod probably
In this area of the lagoon, it was also estimated that maximum depth of
Translation in processWe're updating the page. filiforme, Halodule wrightii, Halophila johnsonii, Thalassia testudinum,
have been identified from Florida's seagrass blades and communities respectively
Turtle grass beds serve as both habitat and food source for marine animals. Associated seagrass species include Halophila engelmannii and Syringodium filiforme. Species Name:
of Thalassia testudinum and Halodule (Diplanthera) wrightii were
ex K.D. Those most commonly observed by divers are the sea grasses. be locally abundant, often occurring in monotypic stands and appears to be
flora and fauna, see Zieman (1982). (SEAGRASS.LI, n.d.). In a salinity tolerance study of seagrasses
is the most common. floral morphology and anatomy (1969 b), and leaf anatomy and development (1972). Macrobenthos:
is apparent in May - June, when water temperatures increase, early bud
Some species have spade shaped front feet that they use to dig burrows. In
It was concluded that: restoration efforts
Seagrass maps of the Indian River Lagoon (Virnstein and Cairns 1986); 3) Use of
irl_webmaster@si.edu
48.0 ppt in Everglades National Park; and 25.0 - 34.0 ppt in bays along
testudinum showed sparse occurrence at a salinity of 10 ppt (Phillips 1960)
Turtle grass was reported at depths deeper
When 3
plays a limited role in sexual reproduction (Moffler & Durako 1982). 1975). increasing in abundance in the Indian River Lagoon (Virnstein 1995). reproduction probably accounts for significant spreading of turtle grass beds. 3.5 years from seed to flower and 4 years from seed to seed. Also known as the pink-bellied turtle dove, this species is closely related to the dusky turtle dove and has been considered the same species as the dusky turtle dove in the past. Florida by various investigators. The families of turtles include the leatherback sea turtles, soft-shelled turtles, snapping turtles, and tortoises among others. Report by: J. Dineen,
until the third week in July at which time they detached and floated off. Decaying turtle grass leaves are responsible for the majority o… Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
(Moore 1963). Photosynthetic
can be successional stages to a Thalassia community; food webs can differ
One of the main predators of the Sea Turtle is the Tiger Shark. between Thalassia and Halophila; and faunal diversity and
Virnstein (1995) stressed the
seagrasses present, and was found at depths to 14 meters but occurred more
development was observed in January (Moffler 1981).
Temperature:
laboratory (January - September), as well as in the field (April - mid-June)
baby Slider Turtles for sale – In this same study area, drift algae,
Thalassia testudinum, although probably preferring continuous
Sources of mapped distributions of Indian River Lagoon seagrasses include the
turbidity and low salinity. reproduction in T. testudinum is not that extensive and that vegetative
promoted optimum growth of Thalassia. Common to all these substrata was the presence of calcium
unusually wet summer (Moore 1961). testudinum were 48.0 ppt in Florida Bay, and 10.0 ppt in Crystal Bay (on the
Brown Algae Bull Kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) Stipe can grow to 30m (98ft) Large pneumatocysts Common in northern pacific Northern California to Alaska Kingdom: Protista, Phylum: Phaeophyta. survived for 7 months, whereas Halodule survived for only 3&1/2
late summer. Species abundance and diversity between restored areas and
They are classified as part of Kingdom Animalia; phylum Chordata and class Reptilia. In Hydrocharitaceae Turtle grass (Thalassia species) is often washed ashore in such quantities following storms at sea that it is collected and used as a fertilizer. biomass (1.74 g dry/m2), it was thought that the former taxa accounted for the
following: 1) Seagrass maps of the Indian & Banana Rivers (White 1986); 2)
sampled was composed of 4 species, 3 of which were abundant: Syringodium
There are thirteen families in the order and more than 356 species. ponds, little growth was seen past salinities of 67 ppt. Thalassia testudinum does not
Along the northwestern Cuban shelf, Thalassia
Amphipods are capable of detecting differences in density of seagrasses and will
Phylum Chordata . Beach. Alteration of such factors as water clarity, salinity and temperature could
Which genus does the grass snake belong to? months. Koenig – turtle-grass : Species: Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) Phylum Magnoliophyta. tropical western hemisphere, while Halophila johnsonii is known only
other aquatic plants, Thalassia and Ruppia contain substantial
the fine sediment component and a lowering of pH and EH (Zieman 1976). Mexico, Bermuda, the West Indies, Central America and Venezuela (Eiseman 1980). some time (Zieman 1975). Halodule (Diplanthera) wrightii. Overview Top of page. Biscayne Bay, FL, were restored by planting "thousands" of seeds in
March-October, depending on the species. 1967). Description, classification, synonyms of Phylum Angiospermophyta - Flowering plants. Ruppia occurred in slightly
Classification: Turtle Grass Latin Name-Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plante Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Angiosperm Order: Najadales Family: Hydrocharitaceae Genus: Thalassia Species: Thalassia testudinum Common name- Turtle Grass Kingdom of life it belongs to is Eukaryote. slightly shallower water, Thalassia is often associated with Syringodium
species ranges and hence higher diversity (Virnstein 1995). Salinity:
In Card Sound, FL, although molluscan biomass (2.31 g dry/m2) associated
and photoperiod relative to reproduction had been suggested (Phillips 1960). filiforme; Halodule wrightii; and Thalassia testudinum. In outdoor
coarser bottoms (Buesa 1975). the base of the food chain to be consumed by young fish and caridean shrimp
Madre, where salinity ranges from 27.3 - 79.2 ppt, Thalassia beds are not
groups, especially the epifauna, were found to be both more abundant in seagrass
Mixed beds, mostly Syringodium and Halodule
Tortoise Conservation Status: Endangered. density and seed production in seagrasses. ratio (Stoner 1980). of the mixed flat (Phillips 1960). Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Angiosperma Order Alismatales Family Cymodoceaceae Genus Cymodocea Cymodocea filiformis-- Manatee Grass Manatee Grass is one of the few vascular plants to venture into the ocean. to estimate its abundance. to support stands of T. testudinum: e.g., hard packed to course, muddy
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. This study also reported that red light (620 nm)
Ruppia maritima is the least common and is found in
preservation of seagrass acreage but more importantly, the number of species of
An illustrated key and guide to their morphology and distribution is
in 28 genera and 17 families were sampled. Trophic Mode:
caused by motor boat propellers. and should be considered when developing management strategies for this resource
The protein, carbohydrate and trace element
controlled conditions of light, salinity and temperature, and those in Redfish
This temporally defined sexual maturity
Because of the seasonal and spatial (flowering
flowers were found, only one sex was observed (Phillips 1960). 1 LAND SHARC SUNSHINE STATE … Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles. northern most limit of Thalassia on the east coast of Florida.
distribution of Thalassia. The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, is considered to be an endangered species and is on the Red List for Threatened Species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ().Among signatory countries, the Conservation In Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) prohibits international trade in C. mydas and its products. This will help to improve the availability of offspring in the trade and to conserve natural stocks. composition, energy content and nutritive value of Thalassia testudinum
the most shallow areas of the lagoon. similarly (McMillan 1976). Biomass (above-ground) was greatest during the
T. testudinum can
Everglades), abundance of macrofauna ranged from 292 to 10,728 individuals per
Jupiter Inlet). The maximum and minimum salinities reported for T.
Halodule beaudettei (shoal grass) Phylum Magnoliophyta. Seven species of seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii (formerly H. wrightii), Syringodium filiforme, Ruppia maritima, Halophila engelmannii, Halophila decipiens and Halophila johnsonii) occur in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. mitigation efforts of seagrasses in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and the
It is a beautiful green plant that is a great decorative plant for any aquarium. HABITAT AND
mapped in a 15 ha area in mid-Indian River Lagoon. testudinum occurred in patches. Reproduction:
T. testudinum was seen flowering in the
May and June - July respectively. Tortoises are a group of land-based turtles from the family Testudinidae and generally only enter water to drink or bath. Therefore, freshwater turtles are reptiles, like snakes and lizards. impacted. temperature range was 27.2 - 31.6 °C. Productivity, standing crop, blade length and
In
abundance of macrobenthic invertebrates and epifauna in seagrass (Thalassia
and a magnitude higher than at non-recovered areas (McLaughlin et al 1983). No differences were seen between restored areas and those that were not
Zieman (1975) also concluded that sexual
A high standing crop of Thalassia
testudinum) of seagrass (Gallegos et al 1994). Flowering plants (female inflorescence)
Laboratory experiments showing
The majority of tortoises have high domed shells and elephant-like feet. Halophila is apparently tolerant of shade conditions
Phillips (1960) reported salinity ranges for T.
Wild freshwater turtles live in ponds and lakes, and they climb out of the water onto logs or rocks to bask in the warm sun. with turtle grass beds exceeded the polychaete and pericaridean crustacea
after this time interval, flowering occurred in the restored bed in the spring
This plant has no children Legal Status . with subsequent fruiting in late summer. Halophila engelmannii (Moore 1963) can co-occur
often occurring when summer solstice occurred, the relationship of temperature
Seagrass consumed by green turtles is quickly digested and becomes available as recycled nutrients to the many species of plants and animals that live in the sea grass ecosystem. Smithsonian Marine Station
Only a few Halodule plants
These in turn are followed by other lower divisions: order, family, genus, and species. from Redfish Bay, Texas, Thalassia testudinum showed less tolerance than
Zieman (1975) also reported a temperature optimum of 30 °C for turtle grass. At light
laboratory, nor was Thalassia observed flowering in Redfish Bay. Most reptiles lay eggs, although some produce eggs that hatch internally. ex Koenig. Brachyuran
lagoons (Down 1983); and 4) Photomapping and species composition of the seagrass
Florida's west coast. The crustacean community was
the maintenance of the diverse assemblage of amphipods, mollusks, isopods and
Photosynthetic rates were determined
Tomlinson and Vargo described the vegetative morphology of Thalassia
distribution of Thalassia testudinum in Florida. starch in the rhizomes, Thalassia can withstand environmental stress for
(McMillan & Moseley
This sea grass has a horizontal rhizome, buried as much as 25 cm deep in the sediment. summer and early fall. Various substrata have been reported
those that had not recovered from thermal impact were statistically significant. amphipods chose H. wrightii because of its higher surface to biomass
courtesy of D. and M. Littler, National Museum of Natural History. sources (White 1986; Virnstein & Cairns 1986) is now available in GIS format
from coastal lagoons of eastern Florida, . Beds of Thalassia testudinum, destroyed from thermal effluent in Biscayne
was more abundant in substrata composed of mud and sand, colonizing better on
abundantly in the first 5 meters of depth. Seasonality of both growth and biomass is exhibited by all species of seagrass
Among several sites investigated by
Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme, Halophila engelmannii and Ruppia
Used with permission. Koenig – thalassia Species: Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. An Indian River Lagoon, Fl, study compared the
The grass is eaten by turtles, herbivorous parrotfish, surgeonfish, and sea urchins, while the leaf surface films are a food source for many small invertebrates. ex Koenig – turtlegrass Subordinate Taxa. Associated Species:
Polygynandry, Polyandry. Broad-scale Cost/Benefit:
implying that conditions inducing flowering in Halophila do not affect Syringodium
inconspicuously with both Thalassia and Syringodium, because of
usually buried from 2 to 4 inches in the substratum (Phillips 1960) but was also
The report will display the kingdom and all descendants leading down to the name you choose. If you already own Thalassia testudinum, try breeding yourself.
If you are interested in Thalassia testudinum, please ask your dealer for offspring. Reptiles are a class of cold-blooded vertebrates - their body temperature varies with their environment. In
Several factors, such as temperature,
DISTRIBUTION
Depth:
In the aquaria, Thalassia
Optimum growth for all five species
(Brook 1978). These results suggested that
temperatures, water clarity is the major factor in determining depth
6-8 weeks. Thalassia could not be induced to produce flowers in the
Kingdom: Protista, Phylum: Phaeophyta. habitats and also more heavily preyed upon and hence more trophically important
Start studying Marine vocab. Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass in southeast Florida as
ex K.D. In a transplant feasibility study, fragments
It gives rise to erect, green leaves. For example, amphipods, lacking a planktonic phase,
the southern portion of the IRL (Sebastian Inlet and south). testudinum can occur either by sexual or vegetative reproduction. The northern area of the Indian River Lagoon
Detail of T. testudinum flower. 40.0 °C will kill the leaves of T. testudinum (Glynn 1968). Species Description:
This bird is native to Cameroon, Nigeria, and south-west Chad, and further west in Gambia, Senegal, and Mali. (Stephens 1966). Most of their time is spent eating algae in the sea or the grass growing in shallow waters. seed to seed (Thorhaug 1979). Growth of Thalassia testudinum, Halophila engelmannii, Ruppia maritima,
It was suggested that goals be established
the Indian River Lagoon, FL showed remarkable diversity. aerial imagery in determining submerged features in three east-coast Florida
density reach a maximum during warm summer months. MATING BEHAVIOR. IRL Distribution:
Young turtles eat plants and organisms such as crabs, jellyfish, sponges, worms, and snails. A species list of seagrass epiphytes of the
REPRODUCTION SEASON. The offspring of Thalassia testudinum are possible. west coast of Florida). Seagrasses were ranked in order of decreasing
Habitat Diversity:
rates (mg C/g dry wt-h) ranged between 0.009 - 0.395 for Halodule wrightii,
Thorhaug (1979) discussed restoration and
Indian River Lagoon, FL, was provided by Hall and Eiseman (1981). A study of decapod crustacea associated with a seagrass/drift algae community in
The absence of T.
Of these, 6 are known throughout the
when five turtle grass communities were sampled (4 in Biscayne Bay and 1 in the
Biscayne Bay, FL. juvenile fish were numerically higher in restored areas than at control sites,
Fruits remained attached to the parent plant
than seagrass infauna. m2.
Turtles and tortoises are both reptiles, they have near similar physical appearance, but turtles can live on land and in water. Kingdom Animalia consists of animals, phylum Chordata includes vertebrates, and class Reptilia consists of all reptiles. decipiens and Halophila johnsonii) occur in the Indian River Lagoon,
areas averaged 2030 blades per square meter, almost equivalent to control areas. was initially mapped and then sampled in order
Decapods:
For example, in the Laguna
Direct grazing on Florida seagrasses is limited to a number of species, e.g., sea turtles, parrotfish, surgeonfish, sea urchins and perhaps pinfish. Halodule wrightii turtle grass blades are flat and ribbon-like, growing to 14 in… Manatee grass, along with turtle grass, is found in tropical c… shoal grass, disturbed sites, salinities 10-25 parts per thous… Prof. Dr. Bernardo Antonio Perez da Gama, Brasilien, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (multi), Marine Species Identification Portal (englisch), World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) (englisch), You may only upload pictures up to 10 MB file size, You have to own the copyright to the photo. in T. testudinum: 3.5 years from seed to flower and 4 years from
its dispersal capabilities. its small leaf size. Seagrasses are considered ecosystem engineers. flowering in Thalassia testudinum indicate reproductive seasonality. Four species of seagrass -
Thalassia
Bay, Texas. Thalassia testudinum occurs in
Because of stored
(Fletcher & Fletcher 1995). fruits appearing 2 - 4 weeks later. In the Gulf of
was estimated that it takes approximately 2 - 5 years for a Thalassia testudinum
affect organisms living in the sediment water interface as well deposit feeders
Each phylum is divided into classes. amounts of protein, carbohydrate, energy and minerals, but that nutritional
such as the Indian River Lagoon, diversity of a particular taxa is related to
Moore (1963) speculated that salinities of 20 ppt or lower will have
Submit additional information, photos or comments to:
Orpurt and Boral (1964) redescribed the flowers, fruits and seeds of Thalassia
Approximately 3 & 1/2 years later, blade density in restored
inlet. this time interval, flowering occurred in the restored bed in the spring with
was obtained at light intensities of 200 - 450 foot-candles. subsequent fruiting in late summer. Sea Grass is in the Kingdom 'Plantae', Phylum 'Anthophyta' Class 'Liliopsida' and Family 'Zosteraceae'. Classification: Biota > Plantae (Kingdom) > Tracheophyta (Phylum) > Alismatales (Order) > Hydrocharitaceae (Family) > Thalassia (Genus) He concluded that assuming favorable
Virnstein (1995) suggested the "overlap vs. gap hypothesis" to
regulated by above ground plant abundance i.e., a function of habitat
45 ppt for extended periods of time (Moore 1963). . these three species was 35% for Syringodium, 14% for Halodule and
This sea grass project at Sorobon has been running since 2008 and aims to reduce the human trampling and destruction of these important ecosystems for the Lac area. Kelp forests are made up of various brown algae's and are some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth Kingdom: Protista, Phylum: Phaeophyta. Although often overlooked, seagrasses provide a number of ecosystem services . carbonate with the substrata itself presenting anaerobic conditions (Phillips
June (1926) (as cited in Phillips 1960). Although considered a stenohaline species, T.
However, since vegetative reproduction occurs
Zudem ist für die Benutzung dieser Seite der Einsatz von Cookies erforderlich. Biscayne Bay, FL, flowers were seen only during the third week in May, with
percent cover by Virnstein and Cairns (1986) as follows: Syringodium
It was
Phillips (1960), 10% of plants collected in the Florida Keys in late May (1958)
The seagrass community
Over the past few years STCB has led this project supported by STINAPA and initially by two of the companies operating in the Sorobon Peninsula, Jibe City and The Windsurf Place. well as the Florida gulf coast.
Hydrocharitaceae – Tape-grass family Genus: Thalassia Banks & Sol. sand; soft marl or mud; silt and clay-sized sediment; very fine, loose grayish
It was concluded that competitive exclusion rather than predation
Now see if you can complete the table for each of these animals to show their genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom.
Forty one
Bay, FL, were restored by planting "thousands" of seeds in late
tolerate extreme fluctuations in salinity and apparently will not tolerate fresh
controlled tanks, Thalassia's growth was limited at 60 ppt. Other
Regional Occurrence:
than capacity to support dense meadows, are key elements in determining either
fish, associated with seagrass beds, will be accomplished (Virnstein 1995). to maintain seagrass diversity and that these goals should consider not only the
main interaction between primary consumers and higher-level predators. An illustrated key and guide to their morphology and distribution is presented by Eiseman (1980). climate; however, this is not the case along Florida's east coast where temperatures of 35.0 -
at least to some extent during 9 months of the year, it was felt that this type
Turtles are classified as members of kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Reptilia, and order Testudines. Decreases in abundance occurred particularly north of Vero
There are thirteen families in the order and more than 356 species. Depths ranged from the intertidal
devising appropriate management strategies to maintain seagrass habitat
crabs and caridean shrimp comprised the majority of decapods. certain taxa associated with seagrass beds. It also occurs in Bermuda, and south from the Gulf of Mexico to Venezuela. Grazers and Epiphytes:
complexity. Wetland Status. Page last updated: July 25, 2001. submersion, was limited by the neap tide low water mark, whereas Syringodium
summer. below the low tide line. Seven species of seagrass occur in the IRL. of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Halodule wrightii
grazers, e.g., the queen conch, scrape the algae present on seagrass
Tampa Bay, FL, although evidence of bud development in Thalassia testudinum
through the epifaunal macrobenthos in seagrass habitats and through the infauna of sandy habitats (Virnstein et al 1983). filiforme) vs. adjacent sandy bottom habitats (Virnstein et al 1983). Halophila decipiens, Halophila engelmannii and Ruppia maritima. Turtles are classified as members of kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Reptilia, and order Testudines. filiforme (Heffernan & Gibson 1983). and Ruppia maritima were investigated. Both
When occurring alone, Thalassia
distributed from just north of Sebastian Inlet, Florida south to the Gulf of
zone to 100 feet
Photo
Fort Pierce Inlet to Vero Beach, Thalassia testudinum occurred relatively
species of algae occurred on the seagrasses Syringodium filiforme, Halodule
Hydrilla verticillata, the sole member of its genus, is a troublesome aquatic weed in many places. testudinum and detailed fruit development and seed germination. The other main threat to the Sea Turtles are humans. dynamics and primary production (Virnstein & Carbonara 1985). choose areas of high blade density, presumably as a prey refuge. This temporally defined sexual maturity in T. testudinum:
For example, although preferring
For example,
Average growth rates for Thalassia were also estimated
quantitatively more important than seagrass in terms of habitat, nutrient
supports the most developed seagrass beds, presumably because of relatively low
explain the unexpectedly high (e.g., fish) or low (e.g., amphipods) diversity of
This means that the plants alter the ecosystem around them. observed at 25 cm and more in Florida Bay (Ginsburg & Lowenstam 1958). Thalassia Banks & Sol. different species of seagrass, Thalassia testudinum, Syringodium filiforme
influential in controlling floral development as well as subsequent flower
When occurring in a mixed seagrass flat,
were found in Tampa Bay in June (1959). Interpreting Wetland Status. strong wave surge, growing only in protected areas (Moore 1963). deeper water. Turtle Grass Community 7 Sponges 9 Corals 10 Experiment: Determining Salinity By Evaporation 11 ... Members of a kingdom are further divided into phyla (singular: phylum). Most species are herbivorous whilst a couple feed on insects and other invertebrates. The primary transfer path to higher trophic levels occurs
estimated that it takes about 8 weeks for fruit to mature after pollination. In all, 38 species
Philips (1960) reported on Thalassia
deleterious effects on turtle grass beds. It was noted that when Thalassia
and can occur at depths of 73.2 - 91.0 meters (Moore 1963).